Chapter 4 executive
Chapter 4 executive
chapter 4
executive
what is an executive?
legislature, executive and judiciary are the most important organs of the
government. any organisation whether it is private or public requires a group
or body of people that will take everyday decisions and look after the working
and functioning of the organisation. they coordinate with different
departments and carry out proper functioning of its organisation. for example:
your school. it has principal which looks after day to day functioning. she
looks after whether the teacher takes the class everyday. she sees to it that
which teacher needs to be given the responsibility for preparing the students
for a competition. she sees that best teaching should be provided to students.
therefore, she takes everyday decisions and implements it.
The same happens in the government too. executive takes decisions and
sees that it is implemented well. there are two types of executive, that
is, political executive which changes after every election and second is
permanent executive which includes civil servants.
Political Executive which includes heads of government and their ministers
frames policy while permanent executive is responsible for day to day
administration.
questions and answers
ques1. what are the three organs of government?
ans 1 executive, legislature and judiciary are the three organs of government.
ques2. what is an executive?
ans 2. The organ of government that looks after the implementation and
administrationof government.
ques3. what are the functions of executive?
ans 3. the functions of executive are:
a. responsible for implementation of laws and policie adopted by
legislature.
b. political executive is involved in framing the policy
c. responsible for day to day administration
ques4. what are the types of executive?
ans 4. there are two types of bureaucracy:
a. permanent executive : civil servants who are responsible for day to
day administration
b. political executive: presidents, prime ministers and ministers who are
responsible with framing of policy.
ques 5. what is political executive?
ANS 5. executive which looks after framing of policy and
implementation of laws and policies is called political executive. they change
after every eletion and is not permanent like the civil servants.
ques6. what is permanent executive?
ans 6. executive which takes decisons and looks affter day to day
administration is called permanent executive. and they do not change with every
election.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
EXECUTIVE
Different countries have different types of executives(political). in india.
president is a ceremonial head and prime ministers is the head of government
taking major decisions. whereas in USA , president is the head of government
and he takes major decisions. he is not a mere ceremonial head.
so there are different types of executive:
a. parliamentary form of executive
b. semi presidential formof executive
c. presidential form of executive
these types are discussed below in next topics.
questions and answers
ques1. what are the different types of executive?
ans 1. There are different types of executive:
a. parliamentary form of executive
b. semi presidential formof executive
c. presidential form of executive
ques 2. do all the countries have same type of executive?
ans 2. no different countries have different type of executive. in india.
president is a ceremonial head and prime ministers is the head of government
taking major decisions. whereas in USA , president is the head of government
and he takes major decisions. he is not a mere ceremonial head.
presidential system of executive
USA has presidential system in india. executive powers are in the hands of
president. president is the head of government and head of country. his
office is powerfu in theory as well as in practice because he takes major
decisions. unlike our indian president who simply signs on the decisions taken
by the ministers. He is directly elected by the people. and is not accountable
to legislature. it is the system which is based on individual leadership.
questions and answers
ques1. give some features of presidential system of executive?
ans 1. features of presidential system of india are:
a. president is the head of government and head of country.
b. his office is powerfu in theory as well as in practice
c. president is directly elected by the people.
d. president is not accountable to legislature.
ques2. give an example of presidential system of executive?
ans 2. USA
semi presidential system of executive
In this system, president is the head of state and prime minister is the
head of government. PM and council of ministers are responsible to legislature.
example: france. in france, president appoints the prime minister but cannot
dismiss them as they are responsible to parliament. here president may possess
day to day powers. and sometimes, the president and prime minister may
belong to the same party or they may belong to different parties.
Russia is another example.
questions and answers
ques1. what is semi presidential system of executive?
Ans 1. In this system, president is the head of state and
prime minister is the head of government.
ques 2. give examples of semi presidential system of executive?
ans 2. france, sri lanka and russia
ques 3. give some features of semi presidential system of executive?
ans 3. features of semi presidential system of executive are:
a. president is the head of state and prime minister is the head of
government.
b. PM and council of ministers are responsible to legislature.
parliamentary system of executive
prime minister is the head of government. there is a president or a monarch who
is the head of State. please note that here State is used interchangeably with
country. State means country only. here, the role of president is
ceremonial. and prime minister alongwith cabinet weilds power. prime
minister is accountable to the legislature.
example: india. here prime minister takes all the decisions and president is a
rubber stamp , having the only power of signing the decisions.
questions and answers
ques1. what is the parliamentary system of executive ?
ans 1. parliamentary system of executive means the system where prime minister
is the head of government and president or a monarch is the head of State.
ques2. give some features of parliamentary system of executive ?
ans 2. features of parliamentary system of executive ?
a. prime minister is the head of government.
b. president or a monarch is the head of State.
c. prime minister alongwith cabinet weilds power.
d. prime minister is accountable to the legislature.
ques3. give an example of parliamentary system of executive ?
ans 3. india, canada and italy.
PARLIAMENTARY EXECUTIVE IN INDIA
This topic will deal with the parliamentary system of executive in india.
india adopted the parliamentary system of executive . The reason was that in
parliamentary system, executives are controlled by the representatives of
people. the constitution makers wanted the system which would be sensitive to
the needs of public and would be accountable and responsible. but in
presidential system, the president would be head of State and head of
government. this would have allowed president to become the sole authority. it
would have led to personality cult. moreover president is not accountable to
legislature. so thats why parliamentary system of executive was adopted at both
national and at state levels.
in this system, president is the head of State and prime minister and council
of ministers run the government at national level. at state level, executive is
governor, ministers and chief minister.
questions and answers
ques1. Why did India adopt parliamentary system of executive?
ans1. The reason was that in parliamentary system, executives are
controlled by the representatives of people. The constitution makers wanted the
system which would be sensitive to the needs of public and would be accountable
and responsible to them.
ques2. why india didnot adopt presidential system of executive?
ans 2. in presidential system, the president would be head of State and head of
government. this would have allowed president to become the sole authority. it
would have led to personality cult. moreover, president is not accountable to
legislature, so he/she might not have been responsible to needs of public.
ques3. who is the executive at the state level?
ans 3. At the state level, the executive comprises of governor, chief minister
and council of ministers.
ques 4. who is the executive at the national level?
ans 4. at the national level, executive comprises of president, prime
minister and council of ministers.
Powers of President
constitution has formally given the executive power of the union to the
president of india. in reality, president exercises the powers through council
of ministers which is headed by prime minister. that means, the president
cannot act without the advice of council of ministers. Article74(1) says that
there shall be a council of ministers with PM at head to aid and advice the
president who will then act according to the advice given. but if the president
wants that council of ministers should reconsider their advice, then president
will act according to the advice given after such reconsideration. this means
even if the council of ministers does not change that advice which president
has told them, the president still has to act according to the advice given by
council of ministers. the reason the president has to act according to
council of ministers is that prime minister and council of ministers are the
real executive. they are chosen directly by people. whereas, president is
indirectly elected.
president is elected for five years. he is not elected by people. but
indirectly elected by elected MPs and MLAs. this election takes place according
to proprtional representation with single transferrable vote as discussed
in chapter 3.
question and answers
ques1. who are the real executive?
ans 1. prime minister and council of ministers are the real
executive .
ques2. why is prime minister and council of ministers called the real
executive?
ans 2. they are called the real executive because they are directly elected by
people and are responsible and accountable to them.
ques3. why is president not the real executive?
ans3. president is not the real executive because he/she is indirectly
elected by the elected MP and MLA .
ques4. wit whom the executive power formally vests?
ans 4. president
ques5. how does president exercises his power?
ans5. president exercises his power through the council of ministers.
ques6. what does article 74(1) says ?
ans 6. article 74(1) says that president has to act according to the advice
given by council of ministers . and if president sends it for reconsideration,
then the president will act in accordance iiwth the advice tendered after such
reconsideration.
ques7. How is the president of india elected?
ans 7. president of india is elected by proprtional representation with
single transferrable vote.
discretionary powers of the president
after reading about article 74(1) , we may be of this opinion that if the
president hasto act on the advice of council of ministers, then why to
have a president at first place. there are discretionary powers of
president available in which h/she(president) can act without taking the advice
of council of ministers.
the powers of president are:
a. he/se has the right to be informed on all matters of council of
ministers
b. prime minister should bring all information that president has asked
for.
c. president writes to the prime minister and expresses his opinion on matters
of the country.
besides these powers , president also has discretionary powers. discretionary
powers are those powers where president does not require council of miniters to
give him advice. president can act on his own self without being dependent on
council of ministers for advice.
the discretionary powers of president are:
first: we have already read that in article 74(1) president can
send back the advice given by council of ministers and ask them to reconsider
it. although , the council can send back the same advice and president would be
bound by the same advice. but still, president has the discretion to send back
the advice.
second: president has veto power by which he can refuse or withhold the
assent of the bill passed by the parliament. but if the parliament passes the
same bill again and sends it to president, then the president has to give
assent to that bill. but the power wiith president here is that he/she can keep
the bill pending with him for unlimited time. this called"pocket
veto".
why does a bill requires the assent of president? every bill which is passed by
parliment requires the assent(sign) of the president before the bill becomes a
law.
third : the president has the power to appoint a prime minister.
when the party has won by clear majority, then the president has no problem. he
simply calls the leader who has majority support. but in situations
where there is no clear majority, and two or three leaders claim that they have
majority , so the president uses his discretion to call the leader and appoint
him as the prime minister. he uses his discretion to see which leader can
actually form and run the government.
fourth: in parliamentary system as in india, the council of
ministers are dependent on support of majority of legislature. and if at any
time, the council of ministers lose the support of majority , then the
president who has a fixed term appoints the new prime minister and in the mean
time president symbolically represents the country.
questions and answers
ques1. what are the discretionary powers of presidentt?
ans1. the discretionary powers of president are:
a. under Article 74(1), President can send back the advice
given by council of ministers and ask them to reconsider it.
b. president has veto power by which he can refuse or withhold the assent
of the bill passed by the parliament.
c. the president has the power to appoint a prime minister. in
situations where there is no clear majority, and two or three leaders claim
that they have majority , so the president uses his discretion to call the
leader and appoint him as the prime minister.
d. in parliamentary system as in india, the council of ministers are
dependent on support of majority of legislature. and if at any time, the
council of ministers lose the support of majority , then the president
who has a fixed term appoints the new prime minister and in the mean time
president symbolically represents the country.
ques2. what is pocket veto?
ans 2. to withhold the assent to the bill, president has the power to keep the
bill pending with him for unlimited time. this is called"pocket veto".
Ques3. Why does the bill requires the assent of the presidentt?
Ans3. It is within the constitution provision that any bill can become
the law only if it has the assent of the president.
Ques4. How does president withhold the ssent of the bill?
Ans 4. President with hold the assent of the bill by refusing to sign on it and
keep the bill with himself for unlimited period of time.
Ques 5. What are the powers of president?
Ans 5. The powers of president are:
the powers of president are:
a. he/se has the right to be informed on all matters of council of ministers
b. prime minister should bring all information that president has asked for.
c. president writes to the prime minister and expresses his opinion on matters of the country.
d. under Article 74(1), President can send back the advice given by council of ministers and ask them to reconsider it.
e. president has veto power by which he can refuse or withhold the assent of the bill passed by the parliament.
f. the president has the power to appoint a prime minister. in situations where there is no clear majority, and two or three leaders claim that they have majority , so the president uses his discretion to call the leader and appoint him as the prime minister.
g. in parliamentary system as in india, the council of ministers are dependent on support of majority of legislature. and if at any time, the council of ministers lose the support of majority , then the president who has a fixed term appoints the new prime minister and in the mean time president symbolically represents the country.
Vice president of india
He is elected for five years. His election is same as that of president. He is elected by proportional representation with single transferrable vote. The only difference between his election and that of president's election is that state legislatures are not included in election of vice president.
Vice president is removed from his office by a resolution of rajya sabha passed by majority and accepted by lok sabha. The vice president acts as ex officio chairman of rajya sabha and takes over as president when there is a vacancy by reasons oof death, resignation , removal by impeachment or otherwise. The vice president acts as the president only until a new president is elected. BD Jatti acted as president on the death of fakruddin ali ahmed until a new president was elected.
Questions and answers
Ques1. How is the vice president elected?
Ans 1. Vice president is elected by proportional representation with single transferrable vote.
Ques2. What is the difference between presidents' election and vice president' s election?
Ans2. State legislatures are not part of electoral college
Ques3. How can vice president of india be removed?
Ans 3. He may be removed by a resolution of rajya sabha passed by majority and accepted by lok sabha.
Ques4. When can vice president act as president ofindia?
Ans 4. vice president act as president of India when there is a vacancy due to death, resignation or removal by impeachment.
PRIME MINISTER AND COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Prime minister is an important functionary of government in our country because he/she is the head of government. It is important for the PM to have the majority in lok sabha. If majority is lost, then PM loses his office. For many years after independence, the congress party had majority in lok sabha and its leader became PM. Since 1989, there have been occasions that there have been no majority in lok sabha. So in this case, coalition government is coming to power.a leader who is acceptable to most partners forms a coalition government.
Functions of PM:
He decides who will be ministers in council of minister
Allocates ranks and portfolios to ministers
Depending upon seniority and political importance, ministers are given ranks of cabinet minister of state or deputy minister
Council of ministers come into existence when PM is appointed
When PM dies, council of ministers are dissolved.
Act as a link between council of ministers on one hand and president and parliament on other hand.
PM should communicate to president all decisions of council of ministers.
Involved in all crucial decisions of government and decides policies
In short, PM is leader of lok sabha, has control over council of ministers, command over bureaucratic machine, access to media, projection as national leader during international summits and foreign visits.
The power of PM depends on the prevailing political conditions. With the coming of coalition government, office of PM has undergone a drastic change. The government is formed after gaining support from many parties. The changes which have come are:
It resulted in increasing discretionary role of president in selection of prime minister
Led to more consultation between political parties, leading to erosion of prime ministerial authority
Brought restrictions on various prerogatives of PM like choosing the ministers and deciding their ranks and portfolios.
Even policies and programmes cannot be decided by PM: political parties come together to form coaltition government. So lot of negotiations take place to form policies. Therefore, PM act as a negotiator than leader ofgovernment
Size of counncil of ministers
91st amendment was introduced which said that the council of ministers will not exceed 15percent of total number of members of house of people(or assembly in case of states). Before this there was no restriction on the number of council of ministers. And also when no party had clear majority, then ministerial positions were given as temptation to win over the support of members of parliament.
Questions and answers
Ques1. What is 91st amendment?
Ans 1. 91st amendment put a limit on the size of council of ministers. This amendment gave that the council of ministers will not exceed 15percent of total number of members of house of people(or assembly in case of states).
Ques 2. Why was 91st amendment introduced?
Ans 2. 91st amendment was introduced which said that the council of ministers will not exceed 15percent of total number of members of house of people(or assembly in case of states). Before this there was no restriction on the number of council of ministers. And when no party had clear majority, then ministerial positions were given as temptation to win over the support of members of parliament.
Ques3. What are the functions of PM?
Ans 3. Functions of PM:
He decides who will be ministers in council of minister
Allocates ranks and portfolios to ministers
Depending upon seniority and political importance, ministers are given ranks of cabinet minister of state or deputy minister
Council of ministers come into existence when PM is appointed
When PM dies, council of ministers are dissolved.
Act as a link between council of ministers on one hand and president and parliament on other hand.
PM should communicate to president all decisions of council of ministers.
Involved in all crucial decisions of government and decides policies
In short, PM is leader of lok sabha, has control over council of ministers, command over bureaucratic machine, access to media, projection as national leader during international summits and foreign visits.
Ques 4. What changes have come in the office of PM with coming of coalition politics?
Ans 4. With the coming of coalition government, office of PM has undergone a drastic change. The government is formed after gaining support from many parties. The changes which have come are:
It resulted in increasing discretionary role of president in selection of prime minister
Led to more consultation between political parties, leading to erosion of prime ministerial authority
Brought restrictions on various prerogatives of PM like choosing the ministers and deciding their ranks and portfolios.
Even policies and programmes cannot be decided by PM: political parties come together to form coaltition government. So lot of negotiations take place to form policies. Therefore, PM act as a negotiator than leader ofgovernment
COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
They are collectively responsible to lok sabha. If it loses the confidence of lok sabha, it has to resign. They collectively govern on behalf of parliament. Collective responsibility is based on solidarity of cabinet. It implies that vote of no confidence even against a single minister leads to resignation of entire council of ministers. If a minister does not agree with policy or decision of cabinet, then he must either accept the decisionor resign. Council of ministers cannot exist without PM. PM holds a very important place. Council comes into existence after PM has takn oath. Death or resignation of PM brings dissolution of council of ministers.
PERMANENT EXECUTIVE : BUREAUCRACY
Executive organ of government includes PM, the ministers and bureaucracy. Bureaucracyis described as civil service. Service which is rendered for the civilians is called civil service. They are trained and skilled officers who work as permanent employees of government and are assigned the task of assisting ministers in formulating policies and implementing them. For eaxmple: a bureaucrat knows what is required in his district. He will inform his ministers and will formulate accordingly. And after formulation will implement it so as to achieve desired results.
In a democracy, elected representatives and ministers are in charge of government and administration is under the control of ministers. This is because representatives have been elecetd directly by people and these representatives know the needs of people. So the civil servants/administrators have to work under ministers. Since we have parliamentary system, legislature also exercises control. Administrative officers cannot act against legislature because legislature is elected directly by people. But this does not mean that they have to take sides of political parties. They are made politicaly neutral by giving them permanency in their jobs so that no minister can cancel their job. In a democracy, there are situations when new partiescome to power and there is a change in policies and programmes. At this time, bureaucracy has to draft policies efficiently and faithfully.
Bureaucracy was introduced because our constitution makers wanted an impartial and professional service that will help in the development of the country. Therefore, they wanted bureaucracy to be selected on the basis of merit. Union Public Service Commission is entrusted with the task of conducting the process of recrutiment of civil servants. Public service commissions have alos been provided for states. Members of public service commission are appointed for fixed term and their removal is through an enquiry conducted by a judge of Supreme Court.
Our constitution has also ensured that weaker sections are made part of this bureaucracy. They have provided reservation in services for dalits, adivasis and other backward classes. This ensures that bureaucracy will be more representative and social inequalities in osciety will be removed when these bureaucrats will frame policies for them.
Question and answers
Ques1. What is bureaucracy?
Ans 1. Bureaucracy is a service which has trained and skilled officers who work as permanent employees of government and are assigned the task of assisting ministers in formulating policies and implementing them.
Ques2. What does executive organ of government comprises of ?
Ans 2. executive organ of government comprises of PM, ministers and bureaucracy.
Ques3. Who controls bureaucracy?
Ans 3. Bureaucracy is controlled by legislature, elected representatives and ministers.
Ques4. How is bureaucracy's political neutrality established?
Ans 4. They are given permanency in their jobs. And are recruited on the basis of merit
Ques5. Who recruits bureaucracy?
Ans5. Union public service commission recruits bureaucracy and in states there are separate public service commissions.
Ques6. How are the members of public service commission removed?
Ans6. They are removed by an inquiry made by judge of supreme court.
Ques7. What has constitution done to remove inequalities in bureaucracy?
Ans 7. Constitution has introduced reservation in jobs for dalits, adivasis and other backward classes.
Ques8. What does bureaucracy consists of?
Ans 8. Bureaucracy consists of all india services, state services, employees of the local governments, and technical and managerial staff running public sector undertakings.
Classification of civil services
They are classified as:
All india services which includes indian administrative services and indian police services
Central services: which includes indian foreign service and indian revenue service
State services: which includes sales tax officers
IAS and IPS are the backbone of higher level of bureaucracy in states. A district collector is an IAS officer. IAS/IPS is given a particular state where he works under the supervision of state government. It is the central government that take disciplinary action against them. Apart from IAS/IPS states also appoint officers through state public service commission. Bureaucracy strengthens the control of central government over administration of states.
Role of bureaucracy
It is through Bureaucracy that welfare policies reach public.
Criticism of bureaucracy
People are afraid of approaching bureaucracy. There is too much of political interference in bureaucracy.
Solution suggested for improving bureaucracy.
Bureaucracy needs to be protected from political interference. Right to information will make bureaucracy more strong.
Questions and answers
Ques1. Give the classification of bureaucracy?
Ans1. They are classified as:
All india services which includes indian administrative services and indian police services
Central services: which includes indian foreign service and indian revenue service
State services: which includes sales tax officers
Ques2. What is the Criticism offered to bureaucracy?
Ans 2. People are afraid of approaching bureaucracy. There is too much of political interference in bureaucracy.
NON SERIOUS STUDENTS CHAP 4 EXECUTIVE
what is an executive?
legislature, executive and judiciary are the most important organs of the government. any organisation whether it is private or public requires a group or body of people that will take everyday decisions and look after the working and functioning of the organisation. they coordinate with different departments and carry out proper functioning of its organisation. for example: your school. it has principal which looks after day to day functioning. she looks after whether the teacher takes the class everyday. she sees to it that which teacher needs to be given the responsibility for preparing the students for a competition. she sees that best teaching should be provided to students. therefore, she takes everyday decisions and implements it.
The same happens in the government too. executive takes decisions and sees that it is implemented well. there are two types of executive, that is, political executive which changes after every election and second is permanent executive which includes civil servants.
Political Executive which includes heads of government and their ministers frames policy while permanent executive is responsible for day to day administration.
questions and answers
ques1. what are the three organs of government?
ans 1 executive, legislature and judiciary are the three organs of government.
ques2. what is an executive?
ans 2. The organ of government that looks after the implementation and administrationof government.
types of executive
Different countries have different types of executives(political).
so there are different types of executive:
a. parliamentary form of executive
b. semi presidential formof executive
c. presidential form of executive
these types are discussed below in next topics.
questions and answers
ques1. what are the different types of executive?
ans 1. There are different types of executive:
a. parliamentary form of executive
b. semi presidential formof executive
c. presidential form of executive
ques 2. do all the countries have same type of executive?
ans 2. no different countries have different type of executive. in india. president is a ceremonial head and prime ministers is the head of government taking major decisions. whereas in USA , president is the head of government and he takes major decisions. he is not a mere ceremonial head.
presidential system of executive
USA has presidential system in india. executive powers are in the hands of president. president is the head of government and head of country. his office is powerfu in theory as well as in practice because he takes major decisions.
questions and answers
ques1. give some features of presidential system of executive?
ans 1. features of presidential system of india are:
a. president is the head of government and head of country.
b. his office is powerfu in theory as well as in practice
c. president is directly elected by the people.
d. president is not accountable to legislature.
ques2. give an example of presidential system of executive?
ans 2. USA
parliamentary system of executive
prime minister is the head of government. there is a president or a monarch who is the head of State. please note that here State is used interchangeably with country. State means country only. here, the role of president is ceremonial. and prime minister alongwith cabinet weilds power. prime minister is accountable to the legislature.
example: india. here prime minister takes all the decisions and president is a rubber stamp , having the only power of signing the decisions.
questions and answers
ques1. what is the parliamentary system of executive ?
ans 1. parliamentary system of executive means the system where prime minister is the head of government and president or a monarch is the head of State.
ques2. give some features of parliamentary system of executive ?
ans 2. features of parliamentary system of executive ?
a. prime minister is the head of government.
b. president or a monarch is the head of State.
c. prime minister alongwith cabinet weilds power.
d. prime minister is accountable to the legislature.
ques3. give an example of parliamentary system of executive ?
ans 3. india, canada and italy.
PARLIAMENTARY EXECUTIVE IN INDIA
This topic will deal with the parliamentary system of executive in india. india adopted the parliamentary system of executive . The reason was that in parliamentary system, executives are controlled by the representatives of people. the constitution makers wanted the system which would be sensitive to the needs of public and would be accountable and responsible.
questions and answers
ques1. Why did India adopt parliamentary system of executive?
ans1. The reason was that in parliamentary system, executives are controlled by the representatives of people. The constitution makers wanted the system which would be sensitive to the needs of public and would be accountable and responsible to them.
ques2. why india didnot adopt presidential system of executive?
ans 2. in presidential system, the president would be head of State and head of government. this would have allowed president to become the sole authority. it would have led to personality cult. moreover, president is not accountable to legislature, so he/she might not have been responsible to needs of public.
Powers of President
a. he/se has the right to be informed on all matters of council of ministers
b. prime minister should bring all information that president has asked for.
c. president writes to the prime minister and expresses his opinion on matters of the country.
besides these powers , president also has discretionary powers. discretionary powers are those powers where president does not require council of miniters to give him advice. president can act on his own self without being dependent on council of ministers for advice.
the discretionary powers of president are:
first: we have already read that in article 74(1) president can send back the advice given by council of ministers and ask them to reconsider it.
second: the power wiith president here is that he/she can keep the bill pending with him for unlimited time. this called"pocket veto".
why does a bill requires the assent of president? every bill which is passed by parliment requires the assent(sign) of the president before the bill becomes a law.
third : the president has the power to appoint a prime minister. when the party has won by clear majority, then the president has no problem. he simply calls the leader who has majority support. but in situations where there is no clear majority, and two or three leaders claim that they have majority , so the president uses his discretion to call the leader and appoint him as the prime minister. he uses his discretion to see which leader can actually form and run the government.
fourth: in parliamentary system as in india, the council of ministers are dependent on support of majority of legislature. and if at any time, the council of ministers lose the support of majority , then the president who has a fixed term appoints the new prime minister and in the mean time president symbolically represents the country.
Ques 1. What are the powers of president?
Ans 1. The powers of president are:
the powers of president are:
a. he/se has the right to be informed on all matters of council of ministers
b. prime minister should bring all information that president has asked for.
c. president writes to the prime minister and expresses his opinion on matters of the country.
d. under Article 74(1), President can send back the advice given by council of ministers and ask them to reconsider it.
e. president has veto power by which he can refuse or withhold the assent of the bill passed by the parliament.
f. the president has the power to appoint a prime minister. in situations where there is no clear majority, and two or three leaders claim that they have majority , so the president uses his discretion to call the leader and appoint him as the prime minister.
g. in parliamentary system as in india, the council of ministers are dependent on support of majority of legislature. and if at any time, the council of ministers lose the support of majority , then the president who has a fixed term appoints the new prime minister and in the mean time president symbolically represents the country.
functions oF PM
Functions of PM:
A. He decides who will be ministers in council of minister
B. Allocates ranks and portfolios to ministers
C. Depending upon seniority and political importance, ministers are given ranks of cabinet minister of state or deputy minister
D. Council of ministers come into existence when PM is appointed
E. When PM dies, council of ministers are dissolved.
F. Act as a link between council of ministers on one hand and president and parliament on other hand.
G. PM should communicate to president all decisions of council of ministers.
H. Involved in all crucial decisions of government and decides policies
In short, PM is leader of lok sabha, has control over council of ministers, command over bureaucratic machine, access to media, projection as national leader during international summits and foreign visits.
Ques3. What are the functions of PM?
Ans 3. Functions of PM:
A. He decides who will be ministers in council of minister
B. Allocates ranks and portfolios to ministers
C. Depending upon seniority and political importance, ministers are given ranks of cabinet minister of state or deputy minister
D. Council of ministers come into existence when PM is appointed
E. When PM dies, council of ministers are dissolved.
F. Act as a link between council of ministers on one hand and president and parliament on other hand.
G. PM should communicate to president all decisions of council of ministers.
H. Involved in all crucial decisions of government and decides policies
In short, PM is leader of lok sabha, has control over council of ministers, command over bureaucratic machine, access to media, projection as national leader during international summits and foreign visits.
Ques 4. What changes have come in the office of PM with coming of coalition politics?
Ans 4. With the coming of coalition government, office of PM has undergone a drastic change. The government is formed after gaining support from many parties. The changes which have come are:
a. It resulted in increasing discretionary role of president in selection of prime minister
b. Led to more consultation between political parties, leading to erosion of prime ministerial authority
c. Brought restrictions on various prerogatives of PM like choosing the ministers and deciding their ranks and portfolios.
d. Even policies and programmes cannot be decided by PM: political parties come together to form coaltition government. So lot of negotiations take place to form policies. Therefore, PM act as a negotiator than leader ofgovernment
Ques1. What is 91st amendment?
Ans 1. 91st amendment put a limit on the size of council of ministers. This amendment gave that the council of ministers will not exceed 15percent of total number of members of house of people(or assembly in case of states).
Ques 2. Why was 91st amendment introduced?
Ans 2. 91st amendment was introduced which said that the council of ministers will not exceed 15percent of total number of members of house of people(or assembly in case of states). Before this there was no restriction on the number of council of ministers. And when no party had clear majority, then ministerial positions were given as temptation to win over the support of members of parliament.
PERMANENT EXECUTIVE : BUREAUCRACY
Executive organ of government includes PM, the ministers and bureaucracy. Bureaucracyis described as civil service. Service which is rendered for the civilians is called civil service. They are trained and skilled officers who work as permanent employees of government and are assigned the task of assisting ministers in formulating policies and implementing them. For eaxmple: a bureaucrat knows what is required in his district. He will inform his ministers and will formulate accordingly. And after formulation will implement it so as to achieve desired results.
Bureaucracy was introduced because our constitution makers wanted an impartial and professional service that will help in the development of the country. Therefore, they wanted bureaucracy to be selected on the basis of merit.
Our constitution has also ensured that weaker sections are made part of this bureaucracy. They have provided reservation in services for dalits, adivasis and other backward classes. This ensures that bureaucracy will be more representative and social inequalities in osciety will be removed when these bureaucrats will frame policies for them.
Question and answers
Ques1. What is bureaucracy?
Ans 1. Bureaucracy is a service which has trained and skilled officers who work as permanent employees of government and are assigned the task of assisting ministers in formulating policies and implementing them.
Ques2. What does executive organ of government comprises of ?
Ans 2. executive organ of government comprises of PM, ministers and bureaucracy.
Ques3. Who controls bureaucracy?
Ans 3. Bureaucracy is controlled by legislature, elected representatives and ministers.
Ques4. How is bureaucracy's political neutrality established?
Ans 4. They are given permanency in their jobs. And are recruited on the basis of merit
Ques5. Who recruits bureaucracy?
Ans5. Union public service commission recruits bureaucracy and in states there are separate public service commissions.
Ques6. How are the members of public service commission removed?
Ans6. They are removed by an inquiry made by judge of supreme court.
Ques7. What has constitution done to remove inequalities in bureaucracy?
Ans 7. Constitution has introduced reservation in jobs for dalits, adivasis and other backward classes.
mcqs chap4 executive
1. which one is not the organ of the government?
a. Constitution
b. executive
c. legislature
d. judiciary
ans A
2. one of them is not the function of executive?
a. day to day administration
b. framing of policy
c. implementation of laws and policies
d. interpretation of laws
ans D. because that is the work of judiciary
3. political executive includes:
a. prime ministers
b. civil servants
c. presidents
d. ministers
ands B
4. what are the types of executive?
a. presidential
b. parliamentary
c. semi presidential
d. constitutional
ans d
5. which country has presidetial system of executive?
a. USA
b. india
c. japan
d. pakistan
ans A
6. which one of these is not a feature of presidential system of executive?
a. he is accountable to legislature
b. head of government
c. head of State
d. pesident is elected by people
ans A
7. which one of these is not a feature of semi presidential system of executive?
a. president is head of State
b. prime minister is head of government
c. PM is accountable to legislature
d. president is directly elected by people.
ans D
8. which one of these does not have a parliamentary system of executive?
a. japan
b. canada
c. italy
d. USA
ans D
9. which system is based on individual laedership?
a. semi presidential
b. presidential
c. parliamentary
d. constitutional
ans B
10. which one of these do not have semi presidential system of executive?
a. russia
b. italy
c. sri lanka
d. france
ans B
11. which one of these is not feature of parliamentary system of executive ?
a. they are not accountable to legislature
b. president appoint prime minister
c. council of ministers take decisions
d. president is the rubber stamp.
ans A
12. which country has a parliamentary system of executive ?
a. germany
b. japan
c. russia
d. India
ans D
13. why did india adopt parliamentary system in india?
a. india wanted prime minister and president
b. wanted ceremonial president
c. wanted executive to be accountable and responsible to public
d. wanted no clash between president and prime minister
ans C.
14. who is not the executive at the state level.
a. governor
b. president
c. ministers
d. chief minister
ans B. because he is the executive at national level not at state level.
15. who is the executive at national level?
a. chief minister
b. president
c.. council of minister
d. governor
ans A
16. for how many years is the president of india elected ?
a. 5
b. 4
c. 3
d.2
ans a
17. how is the president of india elected?
a. direct election
b. proportional representation
c. list system
d. plurality system
ans B
18. who exercises executive powers formally?
a. prime minister
b. governor
c. president
d. council of minister
ans C
19. which one of these i snot a discretionary power of president?
a. keeping the bill for unlimited period of time
b. appointing prime minister when there is no clear majority
c. sending the advice for reconsideration
d. acting on the advice of coouncil of ministers
ans d
20. what is pocket veto?
a. veto in the pocket
b. keeping the bill without assent for unlimited period of time
c. giving back advice for reconsideration
d. carrying powers in th epocket
ans B
21. a bill cannot become a law when?
a. when president does not give assent to it.
b. when council of ministers send it back from reconsideration
c. when passed by parliament
d. when accepted by council of ministers
ans A
22. which is not the power of president?
a. asking information from president
b. asking information from council of ministers
c. refusing to sign the bill even after reconsideration
d. writing on important issues that matter the country
ans C
23. for how many years vice president of india is elected?
a. 5
b. 4
c. 3
d. 6
ans a
24. how is vice president of india elected?
a. proportional representation
b. plurality system
c. list system
d. first past the post system
ans A
25. which vice president acted as president on the death of fakruddin ali ahmed?
a. shankar dayal sharma
b. rajendra prasad
c. BD Jatti
d. abdul kalam
ans C
26. 91ST amendment is:
a. to amend fundamental rights
b. to limit the sizeof council of ministers
c. to stop horse trading
d. to increase size of council of ministers
ans B
27. which one is not the function of PM?
A. decides who will be ministers in council of minister
B. Allocates ranks and portfolios to ministers
C. Depending upon seniority and political importance, ministers are given ranks of cabinet minister of state or deputy minister
d. signs and give assent to bill to become a law.
ans D
28. changes which have not come in theoffice of PM with coming of coalition politics?
a. negotiator in policies and programmes
b. president gained importance
c. PM has more say in governance
d. coalitional partners have greater say in matters
ans C
29. executive organ of parliament?
a. bureaucracy
b. council of ministers
c. governor
d. chief ministers
ans B
30. executive organ of government?
a. bureaucracy
b. council of ministers
c. governor
d. chief ministers
ans A
31. who recruits civil servants?
a. constitution
b. UPSC
c. supreme court
d.ministers
ans B
32. What has constitution done to remove inequalities in bureaucracy?
a. selection on basis of purely merit
b. given them higher salaries
c. reservations
d. recruited by ministers
ans C
33. the members of public service commission are removed?
a. judge of supreme court
b. judge of high court
c. judgeof local court
d. retired judge of supreme court
ans A
34. who controls bureaucracy?
a. legislature
b. executive
c. judiciary
d. media
ans A
35. what does bureaucracy does not include?
a. central services
b. all india services
c. state services
d. local government services
ans D
36. what does all india services include?
a. IAS
b. IFS
c. IRS
d. sales tax officers
ans A
37. what doe state services include in bureaucracy?
a. IAS
b. IFS
c. IRS
d. sales tax officers
ans D
38. what does central services include in bureaucracy?
a. IAS
b. IFS
c. IpS
d. sales tax officers
ans IFS
39. what does central services include in bureaucracy?
a. IAS
b. IpS
c. IRS
d. sales tax officers
ans C
40. what does all india services include?
a. IPS
b. IFS
c. IRS
d. sales tax officers
ans A
dictionary
chap 4
a. ceremonial : present in symbol form only. no real work
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